LONDON, 24 October 2003 — For well over a year the world has been so preoccupied by the argument over the micro picture, whether or not Iraq, North Korea and Iran were building nuclear weapons, that the big picture — that this is the right time to take a big step forward on world wide nuclear disarmament — has been all but overlooked. Indeed, one can argue that the small picture worries are not that important, but the big picture worry — that Russia, the US, Britain, France and China still have missiles ready to point at each other — is the one to lay awake at night about.
Certainly with Iraq there can now be little debate about its supposed nuclear weapons’ program. The UN disarmament process following the first Gulf War in 1991 did its job better than Washington ever imagined.
Whether Iran is or is not building nuclear weapons is an on going discussion among experts. It has every reason to, if one accepts the argument than an underdog who wants to challenge American interests or defend itself against its aggressive neighbor Iraq can easily persuade itself that nuclear weapons are the only thing that could dissuade outsiders from trying an attack. Yet now that Iraq is disarmed the fair question is who on earth would Iran need to use them against?
Probably we have to worry about North Korea even less. For all its isolationism North Korea has no real active enemies it would use its supposed nuclear arsenal against. It has Washington on its back, but it is not actually militarily threatened. Indeed it is the other way round, if anything. The US soldiers embedded close to its border are in fact hostages to be quickly killed in any military blow up.
As for India and Pakistan, from time to time they teeter irresponsibly on the brink of nuclear war, but horrific though it would be for those two countries if there were war, it would cause little danger to the outside world.
And even Israel, with its “eye for eye” culture, the only scenario the military planners have ever foreseen is to retaliate against a chemical Scud attack. Yet if Israel unleashed its nuclear arsenal it would lose all legitimacy as a nation. It would become a pariah that no one, not even America, would extend a helping hand to.
Does this mean we should relax about proliferation? Not at all. For the history of the Cold War teaches us how close we came to accidental war on a number of occasions and how, in a crisis, politicians can be tempted at least to threaten to use them, which convinces others that they are the currency of power. The more fingers there are on the nuclear button around the world, the more likely, by intent, malevolence, accident or insubordination, they could be used with all the devastation they involve. Most of the arguments given above depend on rational decision-making. But the Cuban Missile Crisis told us that human beings can get close to becoming irrational and irresponsible.
This is why we have the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. In May 1995 the treaty, signed by 185 nations, was renewed indefinitely. But what should have been a landmark in arms control was more a mark of failure, of promises made and broken by the big nuclear powers, who solemnly undertook to move rapidly toward nuclear disarmament if the treaty were renewed. The recent disarmament treaty negotiated by presidents George Bush and Vladimir Putin is riddled with holes. It lacks a schedule of phased reductions, allowing both sides to defer the promised cuts until 2012, when the treaty expires. The treaty does not require the elimination of a single missile site, submarine, warhead, bomber or bomb.
Nuclear disarmament seems an idealistic, even utopian goal. Richard Perle talks of the generals who advocate rapid nuclear disarmament — like George Lee Butler, the former head of US Strategic Command — as men “whose stars are not on their uniforms but on their eyes”. But then to see an end to the Cold War was regarded as utopian by an overwhelming majority of experts and politicians until the moment it happened.
In the 1960s the late Herman Kahn, arguably the greatest nuclear strategist of all time, pondered pessimistically on the conditions necessary for returning to a nuclear-free world. He thought it would take a US-Soviet nuclear war followed by an immediate pact never to use them again. But Kahn said they must not have time to bury the dead, otherwise the old mistrust and enmity will quickly return.
But I think Kahn would be amazed to see how little enmity there is today between the old nuclear superpower rivals and indeed between both of them and the rising superpower, China. Not since 1871-1914 has there been so little active hostility between the big powers. This must be the time to get our grip on the issue of big power nuclear disarmament, for without that there is simply no credibility when dealing with would-be nuclear proliferators in the Third World.
