WASHINGTON, 3 November 2004 — President George W. Bush and challenger John Kerry both were confident of winning as they fought to the wire in their long, bitter race for the White House yesterday as Americans turned out in droves to choose between their embattled wartime president and a Democrat who vigorously questioned the invasion of Iraq.

As the first polling places closed in eastern portions of Kentucky and Indiana, Bush held a lead in the traditionally Republican states.

“I’ve given it my all,” the incumbent said after voting at a Crawford, Texas, firehouse.

Kerry, a four-term Massachusetts senator, got teary-eyed as he thanked his staff for a campaign’s worth of work. “We made the case for change,” he said after voting at the Massachusetts Statehouse.

Alongside the first presidential election since the Sept. 11 attacks, control of Congress was at stake as Bush’s fellow Republicans sought to extend their hold on the House and Senate. A full roster of propositions and local offices filled ballots nationwide.

Pre-election surveys indicated the presidential race could be as close as 2000, when Bush lost the popular vote to Democrat Al Gore but won the Electoral College count and the presidency after a ruling by the Supreme Court gave him Florida. The incumbent hoped to avoid the fate of his father — former President George H.W. Bush, who was bounced by voters in 1992 after waging war against Iraq and overseeing an ailing economy. Officials predicted a turnout of 117.5 million to 121 million people, the most ever and rivaling the 1960 election in the percentage of eligible voters going to the polls. Voters welcomed an end to the longest, most expensive election on record.

“It’s the only way to make the ads stop,” Amanda Karel, 25, said as she waited to vote at a banquet hall in Columbus, Ohio.

“This campaign has gone on unconscionably long,” said 80-year-old Mary Ann Riley of Des Moines, Iowa.

Legions of lawyers and election-rights activists watched for signs of voter fraud or disenfranchisement. Complaints cropped up across the country, but voting seemed to be going smoothly overall.

Poring over exit polls and field reports, campaign strategists barked out 11th-hour orders to wrestle every vote from key states. At Bush’s headquarters in Arlington, Va., aides identified low-turnout precincts and dispatched more walkers to them. In Boston, advisers gave Kerry a longer-than-expected list of TV interviews to conduct by satellite to Wisconsin, Minnesota, Colorado, New Mexico, Nevada and Oregon.

That was an interesting list: Oregon was supposed to be safely Democratic and Colorado had seemed to be tilting toward Bush heading into Tuesday.

Even the nation’s most famous heart patient got into the act. Former President Clinton did 70 radio interviews in the campaign’s final two days.

Voters appeared to be most concerned about terrorism, the economy and moral values, according to exit polls conducted for The Associated Press by Edison Media Research and Mitofsky International. The two candidate qualities that voters cited most often were strong leadership and bringing about needed change.

With strategies molded by polls throughout the campaign, Kerry promised voters a new direction while Bush played up the risks of change.

Bush, 58, never more popular than the weeks after the terrorist strikes three years ago, constantly reminded voters of those days and cast himself as a strong, steady leader in an era of unease. He called Kerry indecisive and argued that Iraq was part of a global battle against terror. “The people know where I stand,” he said Tuesday. “The people know I know how to lead.”

Kerry, 60, a decorated Vietnam War veteran, questioned Bush’s Sept. 11 response and often accused him of rushing into the “wrong war at the wrong time” in Iraq. He said the president refused to recognize problems at home and abroad, much less fix them.

Yesterday, he criticized Bush on a spate of domestic issues plus Iraq, and said whoever was elected would face a long list of problems.

“I’m not pretending to anybody that it’s a bed of roses,” Kerry said.

With nearly 1 million jobs lost in Bush’s term, pre-election surveys showed voters favoring Kerry over Bush on the economy and a majority believing the country was on the wrong track. Barely half approved of the president’s job performance.

But most Americans also expected another terrorist strike, and they trusted Bush over Kerry to protect the country. No wartime president has lost on Election Day, though Presidents Truman and Johnson, both Democrats, opted against seeking re-election while fighting unpopular wars.

Turnout was the great unknown. Spending more money than ever to target voters, Democrats enlisted an army of paid organizers while Republicans issued marching orders by e-mail to legions of volunteers in the small towns and the farthest suburbs of battleground states.

Vying for 270 Electoral College votes, the candidates’ playing field extended as far as two dozen states but focused on fewer than 10, primarily in the Midwest and Florida.