LONDON, 12 January 2004 — There was a time when only eccentrics were interested in conspiracy theories. However, in recent times conspiracy has gone mainstream. One recent survey found that 27 percent of the British population believed that Princess Diana and Dodi Fayed were assassinated. As many as 43 percent of the 4,170 people surveyed by London’s Evening Standard answered yes to the question, “Do you think Diana was murdered?” Almost all the viewers who phoned in to The Richard and Judy Show last week about Diana’s death, believed that there was more to it than meets the eye. The British establishment itself lacks the confidence to dismiss unsubstantiated rumors of conspiracy.
These theories are no longer ignored but investigated. That is why the official inquiry into Diana’s death has turned into a de facto murder inquiry. Michael Burgess, the person appointed to head it, has indicated that he wants to investigate every theory about the death of Diana.
Burgess is likely to be kept busy well into the next decade. Since the 1997 Paris car crash, the rumor mill has been working overtime. So which of the many conspiracy theories is Burgess going to investigate? That Diana was killed by Mossad? Or that she was murdered on the orders of MI6 or the CIA? Will Burgess investigate Mohamed Al-Fayed’s claim that responsibility for this “horrendous murder” rests with the Prince of Wales and his father, Philip? Is he going to investigate the rumor that points the finger at Osama Bin Laden? Apparently Osama feared that Diana served as a poor role model for Muslim women so, it’s claimed, he ordered the hit. While he is at it, Burgess could do worse than investigate the rumor that the singer Morrissey predicted the princess’s demise in his 1986 song “The Queen is Dead”.
Of course, there is nothing new about our fascination with conspiracies. For decades, people have speculated about who really killed President Kennedy. But at least we know for certain that Kennedy was murdered — so that rumors about his demise correspond to something that occurred in reality. Today an accidental death is sufficient to provoke officialdom to search for conspirators. Why? Because of an all-pervasive sense of mistrust in official authority.
The public’s skepticism toward the official version of events surrounding Diana’s death is the result of a profound sense of distrust in conventional authority. We live in an age of rumors where official facts often carry little more authority than an Internet site devoted to alien abduction. Indeed we are increasingly cynical about the official “version of events” precisely because it is official.
Another important cultural pressure is the tendency to endow any form of misfortune with meaning. People find it difficult to accept the fact that a misfortune was due to bad luck or an accident. You don’t need to be a Diana to have questions raised about your death. When a child meets an untimely death, parents frequently look for something that will explain their tragic loss. Desperate mothers and fathers will seize upon rumors of cover-ups to make sense of their children’s affliction. The belief that “we are not being told the truth” helps shape contemporary public debate.
That is why the instinct is to assume that “they” have lied about weapons of mass destruction, the death of David Kelly or the true risks of the MMR vaccine. It appears that there is always a story behind the story and a conspiracy theory fills a need created by a culture of mistrust. Some associate rumors and conspiracy with uneducated people who find it difficult to engage with our sophisticated knowledge economy. Yet, conspiracy theory is not confined to a misguided culturally illiterate subclass.
It is the sophisticated Michael Meacher, one of Tony Blair’s longest-serving ministers, and now a backbencher, who argues that the US government knew in advance about Sept. 11 but did nothing about it. And crackpot theories about MMR are far more likely to be believed by middle-class professionals than ordinary folk. It may well be the lack of trust which afflicts the middle class that accounts for the mainstreaming of the conspiracy.
— Frank Furedi is a professor of sociology at the University of Kent and the author of the recently published “Therapy Culture.”
