AGRA, India, 28 September 2003 — The Taj Mahal, an enduring icon of India’s past majesty, is now a monument to the country’s endemic corruption.
India’s Supreme Court ordered police last week to prosecute the state’s former chief minister, Mayawati, and seven other officials for trying to build shopping malls, amusement parks and restaurants next to the 17th century Taj Mahal.
The $39-million project was already widely criticized as violating basic good taste, but a judicial probe found sufficient evidence to charge the state officials with violations of anti-corruption and environment laws.
Their plan was to divert the Yamuna River, which runs behind the white marble mausoleum, to make way for the tourist complex that would have linked the Taj Mahal with four other historic monuments. Mayawati’s government called their vision the Taj Heritage Corridor. A court-ordered study concluded that it threatened to ruin one of the world’s most admired buildings by flooding its foundations.
The case is only part of the deluge of scandals that swamps India year after year. It touches citizens, poor and rich, who pay several billion dollars in bribes to government officials and workers annually, according to corruption watchdog Transparency International.
Corruption is getting steadily worse in India because in the rare instances when politicians and public servants face charges their cases languish in the courts for years, said C.M. Ramakrishnan, a retired army colonel who is vice chairman of Transparency International India.
“If charge sheets are ever filed — especially for politicians — they never come up for a hearing, and if they do come up, you get (new court) dates and dates, and the cases never get finalized,” Ramakrishnan said. “Nobody seems to get punished.”
A politician ultimately goes “to the ‘court of the people’ and wins an election by hook or crook,” Ramakrishnan added. “Most likely the charges will then be dropped if the party to which he belongs comes back into power. It seems to be happening again and again.”
Transparency International, a Germany-based nongovernmental agency that combats official corruption around the globe, ranks India as 71st in a list of 102 countries based on 15 surveys that measure the perceptions of businesspeople and risk analysts. Neighboring Bangladesh finished last while Finland placed first on the list, which ranked countries from extremely clean to extremely corrupt.
In the first attempt to measure the vast depths of corruption in India, the local chapter of Transparency International commissioned a poll last year. It was based on interviews with more than 5,000 people in homes chosen at random from a cross-section of society.
The survey, released last December, estimated that citizens in this nation of more than 1 billion people pay a total of more than $5.9 billion in bribes each year. Almost all of that went into the pockets of state and federal public servants, the study concludes. The poorest Indians suffered most because a larger share of their meager incomes was lost to bribes, it adds.
“The fact that money is being demanded directly and openly by the corrupt is a clear indication that the corrupt persons are confident that no worthwhile action can be taken against them,” the report says.
Revelations of corruption is regular fare in Indian daily newspapers, with the sleaziness evident from top to bottom in the public service sector.
The lowly telephone lineman is considered one of the most powerful of India’s public servants, free to punish those who refuse to pay bribes but protected from firing by a strong union.
In affluent neighborhoods, telephone linemen routinely demand $5 to $10 a month per household. If a resident stops paying the bribes for a few months, the workers disconnect the line and wait for the customer to give in.
In the Taj Mahal case, Mayawati skipped several steps of the mandatory approval process and gave the go-ahead for the project last October without putting the construction contracts up for competitive public bids, the Supreme Court concluded.
Her decision followed a series of meetings that suggested “collusion between the contractor firms and public servants,” according to a police probe ordered by the court.
Bulldozers and laborers from the state-run National Project Construction Corp. were already clearing the ground for the tourist complex in June when the federal government stopped construction.
The 123-page police report by the federal Central Bureau of Investigation concluded that people involved with the project committed “gross irregularities, both procedural as well as financial.”
Mayawati denies any wrongdoing and says she is a victim of a political conspiracy. Eight years ago, she was the first member of India’s impoverished and oppressed low-caste Dalits elected to head a state government. She now owns more than 100 properties across Uttar Pradesh, the state’s current government says, though Mayawati has denied that statement as well.
Two of her administration’s top officials reportedly told investigators that Mayawati spent some of the money she received in kickbacks from contractors on a lavish birthday party for herself in January. Before last week’s Supreme Court ruling, the Taj Mahal was more likely to come up in a conversation about architecture or the beauty of eternal love. Mogul Emperor Shah Jahan ordered the mausoleum built in the 17th century to entomb his favorite wife, who died while giving birth to their 14th child.
India’s government has long maintained a greenbelt around the Taj Mahal to protect it from pollution and overdevelopment, but Mayawati wanted to bring the tourist complex within several hundred yards of the building.
When construction was halted in June, more than $3.8 million had been spent. Sand dumped into the river to reclaim land could still cause the Yamuna to flood, which might weaken the Taj Mahal’s foundations, conservationists warned.
Mayawati insists that she received approval for the project from the national government and claims she is being harassed because she is a low-caste Dalit.
Her successor as chief minister, former professional wrestler Mulayam Singh Yadav, says the Taj Mahal case proves everyone is equal under the law in India.
“After all, no Dalit has the right to amass property, harass political opponents or ransack the administration,” he told an Indian newspaper.
Ramakrishnan, the Transparency International official, said its likely that few current officials are any freer of corruption. “They are all feathers of the same bird,” he said.