CAIRO, 28 April 2003 — About two weeks after Baghdad’s fall, shock has given way to perplexity in the Arab world. Aside from wanting the Americans out, Arabs seem at a loss to respond to the reality of a US-run Iraq or to formulate a strategy that may help shape the post-Saddam Hussein era.
Despite hand-wringing over the suffering of the Iraqi people, the Arab League has not discussed a humanitarian aid plan. There is little talk about what role Arabs may play in reconstruction. No member country dares mention the word democracy when it contemplates a new Iraqi government. Even columnists are uncomfortable asking whether the war may bring beneficial change to the Middle East. “Writers would be reluctant to express that idea, even if they believed it, which most don’t,’’ said Ibrahim Nafei, editor in chief of Al Ahram, Egypt’s most influential daily newspaper.
“They would be dismissed for taking a pro-US position, something that is not popular in the current atmosphere.’’
Hala Mustafa, an analyst at the Al Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies in Cairo, said she was struck by Arabs’ unwillingness to debate “What next?’’ and their failure to offer creative responses to the opportunities and dangers presented by Saddam’s overthrow. “Given the absence of democracy in the region,’’ she said, “people since colonial times have accepted politics as a struggle against foreign powers and intervention. They are not taught anything except struggling against foreigners. So they’re confused.’’
When the foreign ministers of eight Middle East nations met last week in Saudi Arabia, all they could agree on was that they wanted the United States out of Iraq as soon as possible. Nobody raised the idea, for instance, that a new Iraqi government, if perceived as a US puppet, should be isolated and expelled from the Arab League — as Egypt was for a decade after making peace with Israel in 1979.
Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak, shuttling between Arab capitals this week, held discussions on Arab solidarity. But absent from the public discourse was any frank talk about the Arab disunity that has left the region in political disarray.
“I’m not certain that Egypt currently has a clear vision of the kind of role it should be aspiring to’’ in this crisis, Hassan Nafaa, a Cairo University political scientist, wrote in the newspaper Al-Hayat. “But I do know that Egypt’s behavior on the ground appears to many to be confused and questionable, worryingly and disturbingly so.’’ “My impression is that nobody, including the Americans, had a practical working plan for Iraq post-Saddam,’’ said Emad Shahin, an Arab specialist at the American University in Cairo. “Arab regimes traditionally wait to see what happens and then are overtaken by the enormity of events. On Iraq’s future, regimes aren’t going to take the risk of striking an independent position. If they act, it will be collectively, through the Arab League.’’
Shahin said the current crisis offers the 22-member Arab League an opportunity to regain relevancy by formulating a common strategy on Iraq. But even before the US-led invasion, the group had difficulty forging unity, and it remains so divided over the war that its Secretary-General Amr Moussa threatened this week to resign. Stitching together the unanimous vote that the league requires for all resolutions would be a Herculean feat.
In Cairo and other Arab capitals, senior US diplomats continue to meet with leaders of government and private industry to explain US reconstruction and relief plans. It is a soft-sell approach, stressing that the war’s outcome offers political and economic opportunities. Arab participation in Iraq aid and reconstruction, the reasoning goes, could help bridge the Arab-US divide that seemed to grow deeper day by day as the war played itself out in the world media.
Egyptian economist Abu Bakr Mustafa was in London during the first days of the war, watching the battle unfold on Al-Jazeera, an Arabic-language satellite TV channel. At home in Cairo, the newspapers he usually reads were carrying headlines such as “Baghdad: Fortress of Lions,’’ “Signs of Victory and Divine Anger’’ and “Bush in Shock, and Rumsfeld Looks for Excuses.’’
Words, he said, can count more than deeds. “People don’t think in a pragmatic way. They are full of wishful thinking.”
Now that fighting has largely ended, the Arab media has changed the focus from civilian casualties to looting, the destruction of Islamic treasures and the lack of water, electricity and medical services in Iraqi cities — problems it lays at the doorstep of US forces. Anger still echoes in many articles over Saddam’s discarded promise to make a valiant defense of his capital. Mustafa Fekki, chairman of the Egyptian parliament’s foreign relations committee, has said the Arab world is facing its gravest crisis in 200 years. Others refer to the US triumph in Iraq as nakba, or a catastrophe, a term usually reserved for the birth of Israel in 1948 or the Six-Day War between Arabs and Israelis in 1967. Behind such strong language is how Arabs define virtue, and their sense that they have been humiliated by the United States, Saddam and other Arab leaders.
In his 1973 book, “The Arab Mind,’’ Raphael Patai said the Arab notion of virtue is built on three pillars: courage-bravery, hospitality-generosity and honor-dignity. These “are found everywhere in the Arab world, and everywhere they constitute the bulk and body of Arab ethics,’’ he wrote.
Viewed through this framework, Saddam defied Arabs’ concept of bravery by apparently planning to flee Baghdad even as he urged his troops to fight. Arab states’ failure to forge a strong common position on the war before the invasion violated the obligation to help their Iraqi brothers. And the United States challenged Arabs’ honor with policies that are perceived as intended to strengthen Israel and to weaken Arabs.
Many like a first-term member of Egypt’s parliament, Mahmoud Shazli, didn’t believe for a minute the TV images of jubilant Iraqis welcoming US Marines in the streets of Baghdad. The event, he said with certainty, had been staged by US commanders who hired prisoners to act as celebrants. Such views are prevalent on the postwar Arab street. Anyone who cares to express a contrasting sentiment dares to do so only privately.
