TOKYO, 12 January 2004 — When Japanese soldiers arrive in Iraq later this month, they won’t be making war. They will be making history. The dispatch, expected to become Japan’s biggest and riskiest overseas military mission since World War II, marks a milestone in a shift away from a purely defensive posture toward a larger international role for the nation’s military.
Japanese troops in Iraq will operate in what experts agree is a conflict zone, where the risk of casualties is high and the blue helmets of a UN peacekeeping force are nowhere to be seen. “Is Japan’s security policy undergoing a major transformation? I think the answer is ‘yes’,” said Richard Samuels, a Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) professor. “Putting ‘boots on the ground’ in Iraq is fundamentally different from anything they have done in the past half century.”
If successful, the Iraqi operation could become a model for future missions and accelerate a drive by neoconservatives to revise its pacifist constitution. No member of Japan’s military has fired a shot in combat or been killed in an overseas mission since World War II, and substantial casualties in Iraq could spark a backlash that would rock Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi’s government and hamper the forging of a new security policy.
“There might be a setback because of severe casualties,” said Akio Watanabe, president of the Research Institute for Peace and Security, a think tank. “Public opinion is still very fluid in that sense.”
A small advance army team is expected to leave around Jan. 16 for southern Iraq, where they will act as scouts for a Japanese force that could number some 1,000 personnel on a mission to provide humanitarian aid and help rebuild the country. A law enabling the dispatch limits its activities to “noncombat” zones, a concept hard to apply in Iraq, where at least 261 US and allied military personnel have been killed in attacks since May, when President George W. Bush declared major combat over.
Japan’s constitution renounces the right to wage war, bans the maintenance of a military except for defensive purposes, and has been interpreted as prohibiting the exercise of the right of collective self-defense, or aiding allies when they are attacked. The Self-Defense Forces (SDF), as the military is known, celebrate their 50th birthday this year, and though untested in combat are comparable in terms of spending and manpower to those of Britain. For most of those 50 years, the forces were kept at home and efforts to expand their reach and role constrained by the constitution as well as by reluctance to fan fears among Asian neighbors of resurgent Japanese militarism. But stung by criticism of a “checkbook diplomacy” which gave cash but no troops for the 1991 Gulf War, Japan has stretched the limits of the pacifist constitution over the past dozen years.
A 1992 law allowed Japanese forces to take part in UN-led peacekeeping operations, though with severe restrictions. In 2001, Japan deployed its navy to the Indian Ocean to provide logistical support for the US-led war in Afghanistan, the first post-World War II dispatch to a war situation. Experts agree, though, that the level of risk and absence of a clear UN mandate make the Iraq operation qualitatively different.
Behind Koizumi’s decision to take such a risky step is both a long-felt desire to normalize Japan’s gun-shy, postwar defense policies and more recent worries about North Korea’s nuclear and missile programs and China as an emerging regional power United States, Tokyo’s main security ally, has also been pressuring Japan to take a bigger global role. “If they didn’t fear the possibility of abandonment by the United States on North Korea, they wouldn’t feel the need to hug the United States more vigorously,” said MIT’s Samuels. Koizumi backed the US-led war on Iraq despite opposition from the majority of Japanese voters and is moving ahead on the troop dispatch to Iraq in the face of polls showing that most of the public want to wait at least until the country is safer.
While many voters appear to be abandoning the pacifism that defined Japan’s postwar security debate, a sense of forced obedience to Washington has fostered some resentment. “The feeling is mixed. We love America, but we don’t like our people always having to obey US pressure,” said defense policy expert Satoshi Morimoto.
