A mismatch between supply and demand has caused a crisis in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) housing market spurred by rapid population growth, rising house prices, and increasing urbanization. Property for renting and buying in most of the main cities is out of financial reach for most of the young middle and lower-income classes. GCC governments have to action now to prevent the problems caused by inadequate housing worsening.
Housing is an economic asset, an investment and a market commodity. It is a means for poverty alleviation. Homeownership usually promotes wealth accumulation, allows the building of wealth through home equity growth, and boosts a better quality of life. Housing is also a major social issue as well as a basic condition for survival. A good housing policy helps to maintain political stability and a secure social order while preventing problems related to homelessness, poverty and exclusion.
The Housing Problem in GCC Countries
In spite of the oil-based wealth of the region, the supply of housing affordable by those on a low or average income is constrained by lack of finance schemes and scarcity of available land, resulting in a huge unmet demand for housing among lower-income households of both nationals and expatriate workers. Wealth created by the oil boom has increased young people's aspirations for their living standards, but it has also created obstacles by encouraging high-cost construction. This has put property for buying or renting in most of the main cities of the region out of financial reach for the majority of the young middle- and lower-income classes.
The shortage of affordable housing is one of the social problems underlying the unrest in the Arab region. High youth unemployment rates have made it harder for young people to secure a house. Housing shortage causes stress for young people who have to spend most of their income on housing. It may also be a cause of marriage delay or even marital breakdown as housing is still linked to traditional family values in the Gulf region where the groom and his family are usually responsible for the expenses of marriage including housing.
The GCC housing crisis has been spurred by rapid population growth, the high cost of land and rising house prices, increasing urbanization and lack of competition. Increased migration of population from rural to urban areas as well as an influx of foreign labor led to the expansion of large cities in the region causing a chronic shortage of housing and a huge increase in price. Available land is high in cost not only due to its scarcity but also because most landowners leave it unused letting its value increase.
In Bahrain, the housing crisis is acute mainly in Manama where demand is high. More than 55,000 Bahrainis are on the wait-list for low-cost housing. In Kuwait, the waiting time for a government housing grant is several years. Rising housing costs are an obstacle for middle- and low-income Kuwaiti families to homeownership. In Qatar, the massive influx of foreign labor has led to high population growth and a heavy burden on the residential market. Housing problems have emerged in greater Doha region both for expatriates and nationals with limited income. In Oman, the demand for affordable housing continues to be high.
In Saudi Arabia the housing market, the largest in the GCC region, suffers from high land prices, high sale prices and a shortage of small houses. Estimates project that the country needs at least 15,000 housing units annually for residential property, but there is a serious mismatch between high prices of houses and lower salaries. Most Saudis live in rented accommodation and it is estimated that only 30 percent of Saudis own their houses. The cost of building a small house is around $ 200,000, out of reach of many young Saudis. But as elsewhere, they prefer not to buy apartments for cultural reasons as well as lack of satisfaction in quality of building and high costs of maintenance and repairs.
In the United Arab Emirates (UAE), both Abu Dhabi and Dubai experience a serious housing shortage for lower- and middle-income nationals. As rents in Dubai are still considered to be lower than in Abu Dhabi, many residents who live in Dubai commute daily to work in Abu Dhabi. Emiratis applying for affordable housing in Abu Dhabi have to wait years and according to data published (April 2011) by the Abu Dhabi Chamber of Commerce and Industry there is a shortfall in supply of 40,000 residential units in Abu Dhabi.
The Need for Affordable Housing
Rapid population growth and demographic changes are a major factor behind the increasing need for affordable housing in the GCC region. The total population of the GCC countries quintupled over the past 40 years, increasing from 7.8 million in 1970 to 46.2 million in 2011, and is projected to reach 65.6 million by 2050. Saudi Arabia, which accounts for over 60 percent of the region's population, scored the highest rise in population - 28 million in 2011, projected to reach 45 million in the next 40 years.
The GCC region has become one the most urbanized areas in the world with over 75 percent of its population living in cities. During the past decades, GCC countries have experienced exceptional economic and social changes due to the oil boom and its subsequent flow of wealth, creating a fast-changing demography of population growth and large-scale urban development. It has also witnessed an increasing influx of rural and desert dwellers into urban areas as young people migrate to cities looking for jobs. Urban annual growth rates (2010-15) reached 3 percent in Qatar, 2.52 percent in the UAE, 2.42 percent in Kuwait, 2.38 percent in Saudi Arabia, 2.23 percent in Oman, and 2.21 percent in Bahrain. In 2011, 99 percent of the population in Qatar and 98 percent in Kuwait lived in urban areas. The lowest urban population was in Oman with 73 percent. It is projected that percentages will increase over the next 50 years.
Rapid urbanization has led to the growth of huge cities. In 2011 the population of Riyadh was 5.45 million, Kuwait City 2.4 million, and Dubai nearly 2 million.
The GCC population is still young: The population median age in 2010 was lowest in Oman (25 years) and Saudi Arabia (26 years) and highest in Qatar. (32 years). This "youth bulge" means that the fastest growing segment of the GCC population is the younger generation from the lower- and middle-income group who are newly entering the labor market and looking for small affordable houses. This is a temporary situation as the population is expected to get older over the next 50 years.
Another reason for urban expansion is the influx of foreign labor, which flooded into the region more than 40 years ago. The private sector still relies heavily on foreign workers and they still account for between 50 percent and 90 percent of the labor force in GCC countries.
A third factor is related to the lack of available land for affordable housing construction. Arable land is scarce due to drought, desertification, and land degradation, and agricultural productivity and rural subsistence are threatened. Saudi Arabia occupies four-fifths of the Arabian Peninsula but the majority of its lands are desert. Oman, Qatar and the UAE are smaller, built originally on desert lands, and lack habitable agricultural and rural areas. Bahrain is an archipelago of 33 islands with limited rural areas. According to the World Bank (2009) the percentage of land that is arable is for Bahrain 1.3 percent, Kuwait 0.6 percent, Oman 0.3 percent, Qatar 1 percent, Saudi Arabia 1.5 percent and the UAE 0.8 percent.
Challenges in the Provision of Affordable Housing
Inadequate housing finance constitutes a major challenge for the provision of affordable housing in the GCC region. Housing finance includes plot distribution, land servicing, and the provision of loan and mortgage facilities through the banking system. Mortgages are difficult to obtain for those on low monthly salaries due to the limitations of a mortgage market that constitutes less than 5 percent of the region's gross domestic product. Other obstacles include the restriction of mortgage information, a dearth of innovative solutions, an inadequate regulatory framework, and business models that are still at an initial stage.
In Saudi Arabia, many housing problems have been connected until a few months ago to the scarcity of mortgage financing and the lack of official legislation to regulate mortgage lending. The state-funded Real Estate Development Fund gave subsidized medium or long-term loans to Saudi individuals for private or commercial housing projects but did not lend money to buy land. Borrowers have tended to treat extended loans as charity and default on payments is high. In the UAE, special conditions are provided for those eligible for mortgages and banks are now selective when lending money, favoring people who own their own business.
Social and cultural considerations constitute another critical challenge in the context of affordable housing. The physical aspect and the design of housing are linked to socio-cultural factors, including norms and lifestyles. Almost all GCC nationals prefer to live in houses rather than apartments. Social requirements such as privacy, social cohesion of family members within the same housing unit, and independence from residential density are all factors young people consider in looking at affordable housing. Most of the major housing projects built by GCC governments during the past decades were relegated to remote areas where the land was cheaper. They not only lacked important social infrastructural requirements but they also neglected the extended family structure and traditional values of segregation.
Location and public transport systems represent another challenge for affordable housing. Most GCC countries lack a well-developed and effective urban planning system that covers affordable housing projects. Most projects are usually built outside the boundaries of the city where land is cheaper and they lack an adequate public urban transportation system. The absence of transport disadvantages residents needing to travel to work or school as not everyone has access to private cars.
Another issue is sustainability. Sustainable construction is environmentally responsible and resource-efficient and has to consider location, design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition. Most GCC affordable housing projects tend to neglect the quality of the environment ignoring factors such as site/energy optimization, water conservation, waste/pollution reduction, and environment degradation. The integration of smaller units and efficient use of land are important factors for housing sustainability and "green" building is important for reducing the overall impact of the built environment on health and the natural environment, but both these areas have been neglected by GCC construction.
— Dr. Mona AlMunajjed ([email protected]) is a sociologist, author and adviser on social and gender issues.
(Tomorrow, in part 2 of this article, the author looks at current measures and future needs.)
Affordable housing a GCC priority
