Microorganisms are the cornerstone of all marine life in the Red Sea

Microorganisms are the cornerstone of all marine life in the Red Sea

A diver swims past coral on the Great Barrier Reef in Australia. (AP)
A diver swims past coral on the Great Barrier Reef in Australia. (AP)
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Between the continents of Africa and Asia lies the Red Sea, a semi-enclosed basin located in oligotrophic (limited in nutrients) tropical and subtropical regions. Despite its harsh conditions, including elevated temperatures, high salinities and limited nutrients, it harbors rich diversity.

Within its clear blue waters lies another world, unseen to the naked eye but which plays a significant role in marine ecosystems.

Microbes are found suspended in the water column, spanning from the surface to the deep, dark sea. With millions of cells and particles in only one milliliter, they indeed form the unseen majority of the Red Sea.

Although microbes have often been overlooked, they are an essential component of the marine ecosystem.

They stimulate nutrient cycling, contribute to oxygen production, promote gas exchange between the sea and the atmosphere, support fisheries and form symbiotic relationships with fish and invertebrates to maintain a healthy balance in this marine environment.

These microbes together form a natural cycle called the microbial food web. It includes complex trophic interactions, in which energy and matter are recycled through microorganisms to reach higher levels in the food chain.

Microbial communities are composed of living organisms and nonliving biological entities such as viruses.

Cyanobacteria, tiny photosynthetic bacteria (0.2 to 0.2 micrometers), form the base of the microbial food web. Like plants, they perform photosynthesis to gain energy from sunlight to produce oxygen and organic matter.

Although microbes have often been overlooked, they are an essential component of the marine ecosystem.

Eman Sabbagh

Heterotrophic bacteria (0.2 to 0.5 micrometers), another element in the microbial food web, rely on the organic matter produced by cyanobacteria as a source of energy.

Another member of the microbial community is zooplankton, which are slightly larger (2 to 20 micrometers) and mainly predate on bacteria as their preferred source of food.

Viruses, meanwhile, are also important microbial components of the food web. Although they are very small (0.02 to 0.2 micrometers), they are the most abundant biological entities on the planet.

When we hear the word virus, the first thing that comes to mind is infection and mortality, but in truth viruses play a far more important role in the health and balance of marine ecosystems.

The contribution of beneficial microorganisms within the microbial food web, as well as those forming symbiotic relationships with other marine creatures and those simply suspended in the water column, serves as the cornerstone of all forms of marine life and, without it, life in the sea would not exist.

Indeed, these microscopic microbes have revealed some secrets, but much mystery remains hidden.

In celebration of World Water Day, I hope this article can help raise awareness about global waters, shedding light not only on the widely seen part but also on the invisible one.

I also want to take a moment to emphasize the remarkable efforts undertaken by the National Center for Wildlife in discovering novel habitats, such as blue holes, which I am sure are full of mystery.

The National Center for Wildlife is also dedicated to protecting marine and coastal environments in the Red Sea and Arabian Gulf, including coral reefs, seagrass and mangroves and the associated biodiversity, from large marine mammals to tiny algae, aligning with the Saudi Green Initiative and Vision 2030.

Eman Sabbagh spent eight years at King Abdullah University of Science and Technology working in the field of the microbial ecology of the Red Sea. She now works at the National Center for Wildlife.

 

Disclaimer: Views expressed by writers in this section are their own and do not necessarily reflect Arab News' point of view

Haeran Ryu shoots bogey-free 62 to open up big lead at TPC Boston

Haeran Ryu shoots bogey-free 62 to open up big lead at TPC Boston
Updated 1 min 19 sec ago
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Haeran Ryu shoots bogey-free 62 to open up big lead at TPC Boston

Haeran Ryu shoots bogey-free 62 to open up big lead at TPC Boston
  • Ryu was at 13-under 131, with Bianca Pagdanganan, Yealimi Noh and Robyn Choi tied for second at 7 under
  • Birdie runs are nothing new for Ryu, a five-time winner on the Korea LPGA before earning her LPGA card as the medalist at its Q-Series

NORTON, Mass.: Haeran Ryu kept making birdies and wanted to post her lowest round on the LPGA Tour on Friday. She accomplished that with a 10-under 62 that gave her a six-shot lead in the FM Championship.

Ryu had a run of four straight birdies on the front nine and the back nine at the TPC Boston with its small targets and firm greens. And she had a simple explanation for them.

“Just an amazing day because my shots, everything next to the hole. And my putts, everything get in the hole,” said Ryu, the 23-year-old from South Korea who was LPGA rookie of the year last season. “Amazing day, yeah.”

Even more amazing was the size of her lead. Ryu was at 13-under 131, with Bianca Pagdanganan, Yealimi Noh and Robyn Choi tied for second at 7 under. Pagdanganan had a 66, and Noh and Choi each shot 68.

Jin Young Ko (67) and US Solheim Cup player Lauren Coughlin (69) were 6 under.

Marina Alex, who had the 18-hole lead after a bogey-free 68, followed that with a 72 that left her nine shots behind.

Birdie runs are nothing new for Ryu, a five-time winner on the Korea LPGA before earning her LPGA card as the medalist at its Q-Series. She won the Walmart NW Arkansas Open last year with a 29 on the back nine.

She started her big run with a birdie on the par-4 fourth and then birdied the next three holes to seize control. She had two birdies in three holes to start the back nine, and then made four in a row starting on the 14th hole.

Ryu was hitting it so well that she thought she might have holed out for an eagle on the par-4 15th because of the cheer. Turns out there was one person in her cheering section that might have been over the top for a ball that settled about 4 feet away.

“My mom’s reaction is almost getting the eagle, but the ball still on the green,” Ryu said. “Just fun facts for today. My mom is really happy ... just the ball is next to the hole. Yeah, just for 10 seconds I just think, ‘Oh, I got an eagle.’ Just birdie.”

The 62 was her low round by two shots on the LPGA. She previously had rounds of 64 on three occasions.

Noh played bogey free on the TPC Boston, the course that previously hosted the PGA Tour for two decades. She managed only one birdie on the par 5s.

Megan Khang, who was born in nearby Brockton, had the biggest cheering section. She had a 71 and was at 4-under 140.

Khang was seen talking to Ryu outside scoring and someone asked if she had given the South Korean any advice about the TPC Boston.

“I didn’t give her any advice. I was like, ‘What did you do?’ That was a super phenomenal round she put together — flawless, I believe. It’s hard to ignore that. You’ve got to give credit where credit is due. I might go ask her for some advice after this.”

The FM Championship is in its first year, and the company already raised the prize money to $3.8 million from when it first announced it would sponsor the LPGA event. FM also has offered free lodging to the players and is giving a $1,000 stipend to anyone missing the cut.


Ukraine’s president fires air force commander after fatal F-16 crash

Ukraine’s president fires air force commander after fatal F-16 crash
Updated 13 min 10 sec ago
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Ukraine’s president fires air force commander after fatal F-16 crash

Ukraine’s president fires air force commander after fatal F-16 crash
  • “We need to protect people. Protect personnel. Take care of all our soldiers,” Zelensky said after dismissing Lt. Gen. Mykola Oleshchuk
  • US experts have joined a Ukrainian probe into the crash, with a lawmaker claiming the jet was down by Ukraine's own missiles

KYIV, Ukraine: Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky fired the commander of the country’s air force Friday, four days after an F-16 warplane that Ukraine received from its Western partners crashed during a Russian bombardment and killed the pilot.
The order to dismiss Lt. Gen. Mykola Oleshchuk was published on the presidential website.
“We need to protect people. Protect personnel. Take care of all our soldiers,” Zelensky said in an address minutes after the order was published. He said Ukraine needs to strengthen its army on the command level.
Lt. Gen. Anatolii Kryvonozhko was appointed acting air force commander, the army’s general staff said.
The dismissal came on the same day that Oleshchuk directed scathing criticism at a lawmaker who is deputy head of the Ukrainian parliament’s defense committee for her claims that the F-16 was downed by a Patriot air-defense system. Ukraine has received an unspecified number of the US-made systems.
Mariana Bezuhla cited unnamed sources for her claim and demanded punishment for those responsible for the error.
Oleshchuk accused Bezuhla of defaming the air force and discrediting US arms manufacturers and said that he hoped she would face legal consequences for her claims.
“The truth will win,” Bezuhla posted on X shortly after the dismissal order was published.
The air force did not directly deny that the F-16 was hit by a Patriot missile.
US experts have joined the Ukrainian investigation into the crash, the air force said.
Meanwhile, a Russian attack on the northeastern city of Kharkiv using powerful plane-launched glide bombs killed six people, including a 14-year-old girl on a playground, and wounded 47 others, regional Gov. Oleh Syniehubov said.
The bombs struck five locations across the city, which had a prewar population of 1.4 million people, the governor said.
One of the bombs hit a 12-story apartment block, setting the building ablaze and trapping at least one person on an upper floor. Emergency crews searching for survivors feared the structure could collapse.
In other developments, Ukrainian rockets hit the Russian city of Belgorod and its surroundings on late Friday, killing five people and injuring 37, said regional govenor Vyacheslav Gladkov. The region borders northern Ukraine ans comes under drone or artillery attacks almost daily.
Zelensky pointed to the Kharkiv strikes as further evidence that Western partners should scrap restrictions on what the Ukrainian military can target with donated weapons.
The Kharkiv strike “wouldn’t have happened if our defense forces had the capability to destroy Russian military aviation at its bases. We need strong decisions from our partners to stop this terror,” Zelensky said.
F-16s are one of the weapons that could be used to hit Russian bases behind the front line.
Oleshchuk said on Telegram that “a detailed analysis” was already being conducted into why the F-16 jet went down Monday, when Russia launched a major missile and drone barrage at Ukraine.
“We must carefully understand what happened, what the circumstances are, and whose responsibility it is,” Oleshchuk wrote in the post shortly before his dismissal.
The crash was the first reported loss of an F-16 in Ukraine, where the warplanes arrived at the end of last month. At least six are believed to have been delivered by European countries.
Military analysts say the planes will not be a game-changer in the war, given Russia’s massive air force and sophisticated air-defense systems. But Ukrainian officials welcomed the supersonic jets, which can carry modern weapons used by NATO countries, for offering an opportunity to hit back at Russia’s air superiority.
On the ground, the Russian army is making slow but gradual progress in its drive into eastern Ukraine, while Ukrainian forces are holding ground in the Kursk border region of western Russia after a recent incursion.
The Institute for the Study of War said it expected that Ukraine would lose some Western-provided military equipment in the fighting.
But the Washington-based think tank added that “any loss among Ukraine’s already limited allotment” of F-16s and trained pilots “will have an outsized impact” on the country’s ability to operate F-16s “as part of its combined air defense umbrella or in an air-to-ground support role.”
In other developments, European Union defense ministers agreed in Brussels to boost their training program for Ukrainian troops.
“Today the ministers agreed to raising the target to 75,000, adding 15,000 more by the end of the year,” EU foreign policy chief Josep Borrell told reporters after the meeting.
“The training has to be shortened and adapted to the Ukrainian training needs,” Borrell said. He added that the EU would set up a small “coordination and liaison cell” in the Ukrainian capital of Kyiv to make the training effort more effective.
So far, 60,000 troops have passed through the bloc’s training scheme, which is conducted outside Ukraine.

 


Saudi national team trains ahead of Asian, World Cup qualifiers

Saudi national team trains ahead of Asian, World Cup qualifiers
Updated 31 August 2024
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Saudi national team trains ahead of Asian, World Cup qualifiers

Saudi national team trains ahead of Asian, World Cup qualifiers

RIYADH: Saudi footballers trained in Jeddah on Friday ahead of qualifiers for the Asian and World Cup tournaments.
The Green Falcons are set to face Indonesia on Monday in the Red Sea city before playing China in Dalian on Saturday.
Head coach Roberto Mancini put the team through its paces with various tactical drills at King Abdullah Sports City.
Saudi Arabian Football Federation president, Yasser Al-Misehal, and general secretary, Ibrahim Al-Qasim, came to see the team prepare.
The team will hold another session on Saturday evening.


US, Iraqi forces raid targeting Daesh group militants kills 15 in western desert

US, Iraqi forces raid targeting Daesh group militants kills 15 in western desert
Updated 31 August 2024
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US, Iraqi forces raid targeting Daesh group militants kills 15 in western desert

US, Iraqi forces raid targeting Daesh group militants kills 15 in western desert
  • An Iraqi military statement said “airstrikes targeted the hideouts, followed by an airborne operation”

BAGHDAD: The US military took part in an Iraqi raid in the country’s western region that killed 15 people as forces targeted suspected militants from the Daesh group, the American military said early Saturday.
For years after dislodging the militants from their self-declared caliphate across Iraq and Syria, US forces have continued fighting the Daesh group, though the casualties from Friday’s raid were higher than others in the time since.
The US military’s Central Command alleged the militants were armed with “numerous weapons, grenades, and explosive ‘suicide’ belts” during the attack, which Iraqi forces said happened in the country’s the Anbar Desert.
“This operation targeted Daesh leaders to disrupt and degrade Daesh’ ability to plan, organize, and conduct attacks against Iraqi civilians, as well as US citizens, allies, and partners throughout the region and beyond,” Central Command said, using an acronym for the militant group. “Iraqi Security Forces continue to further exploit the locations raided.”
It added: “There is no indication of civilian casualties.”
An Iraqi military statement said “airstrikes targeted the hideouts, followed by an airborne operation.”
At its peak, the Daesh group ruled an area half the size of the United Kingdom where it attempted to enforce its extreme interpretation of Islam, which included attacks on religious minority groups and harsh punishment of Muslims deemed to be apostates.
A coalition of more than 80 countries, led by the United States, was formed to fight the group, which lost its hold on the territory it controlled in Iraq and 2017 and in Syria in 2019. However, the militants have continued to operate in the Anbar Desert in Iraq and Syria, while claiming attacks carried out by others elsewhere in the world. The Daesh’s branch in Afghanistan is known to carry out intensely bloody assaults.
 

 


Trump seeks to activate his base at Moms for Liberty gathering but risks alienating moderate voters

Trump seeks to activate his base at Moms for Liberty gathering but risks alienating moderate voters
Updated 31 August 2024
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Trump seeks to activate his base at Moms for Liberty gathering but risks alienating moderate voters

Trump seeks to activate his base at Moms for Liberty gathering but risks alienating moderate voters
  • Moms for Liberty serves on the advisory board for Project 2025, a detailed and controversial playbook for the next conservative presidency
  • The group, which as a nonprofit is officially nonpartisan, said it also invited both Kamala Harris and independent presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy

WASHINGTON: Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump appeared Friday at the annual gathering of Moms for Liberty, a national nonprofit that has spearheaded efforts to get mentions of LGBTQ+ identity and structural racism out of K-12 classrooms.
In a “fireside chat” in the nation’s capital, the former president sought to shore up support and enthusiasm among a major part of his base. The bulk of the group’s 130,000-plus members are conservatives who agree with him that parents should have more say in public education and that racial equity programs and transgender accommodations don’t belong in schools.
Yet Trump also runs the risk of alienating some moderate voters, many of whom see Moms for Liberty’s activism as too extreme to be legitimized by a presidential nominee.
A year ago, Moms for Liberty was viewed by many as a rising power player in conservative politics that could be pivotal in supporting the Republican ticket. The group’s membership skyrocketed after its launch in 2021, fueled by parents protesting mandatory masking for students and remote learning during the COVID-19 pandemic.
But in the last several months, a series of embarrassing scandals and underwhelming performances during local elections have called Moms for Liberty’s influence into question.
The group also has voiced support for Project 2025, a detailed and controversial playbook for the next conservative presidency from which Trump has repeatedly tried to distance himself.
Moms for Liberty serves on the advisory board for Project 2025, and the author of the document’s education chapter taught a “strategy session” at the group’s Friday gathering.
The negative perceptions about Moms for Liberty around the country could increase the potential liability for Trump as he sits down with co-founder Tiffany Justice on Friday evening, said University of Central Florida political science professor Aubrey Jewett.
“It certainly helps him rally his base,” Jewett said. “But will that be enough to outdo the backlash?”
Justice said she wanted to ask Trump about “what was important in his kids’ lives and his kids’ education.”
“I think the fascinating thing about Donald Trump is that he’s a father and a grandfather, but he’s involved his children in business and in politics with him,” she said. “They have a very strong family. And so I think we’ll enjoy hearing more about that from him tonight.”
Justice disputed the idea that her group’s influence is waning, pointing to the 60 percent of Moms for Liberty-backed candidates who won their recent races in the Florida primaries.
That’s “a really big deal,” she said, especially considering that many of the school board hopefuls the group endorses are first-time candidates running against incumbents. She also noted three Moms for Liberty members who won Florida House primaries, showing the group’s reach into other political offices.
The group, which as a nonprofit is officially nonpartisan, said it also invited both Democratic presidential nominee Kamala Harris and independent presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy, who recently suspended his campaign and endorsed Trump, to speak at the gathering. Neither is scheduled to make an appearance.
Trump didn’t share details of what he would discuss at the gathering, but his campaign pointed to his education proposals, which include promoting school choice, giving parents more say in education and awarding funding preference to states and school districts that abolish teacher tenure, financially reward good teachers and allow parents to directly elect school principals.
He also has called for terminating the Department of Education, barring transgender athletes from playing in girls’ sports, and cutting funding from any schools pushing “inappropriate racial, sexual or political content.”
“President Trump believes students should be taught reading, writing and math in the classroom — not gender, sex and race like the Biden Administration is pushing on our public school system,” said Karoline Leavitt, the Trump campaign’s national press secretary.
The event took on a party-like atmosphere as the group awaited Trump’s arrival to a hotel ballroom in Washington. Donning shirts with messages like “Moms for Trump” and “We don’t co-parent with the government,” attendees at the group’s annual gathering ate buffet desserts, drank beer and cheered to a cover band playing country hits.
Trump entered the ballroom as he does at his signature rallies, standing onstage and soaking up applause for the entirety of Lee Greenwood’s “God Bless the USA.” Despite the event’s focus on education, Trump began by discussing illegal immigration, an issue he’s put at the center of his campaign.
“Many of these people are coming out of the roughest countries in the world, and they’re coming from all over the world, they’re not just coming from South America,” Trump said.
Vice President Harris has criticized her Republican opponent for his threats to dismantle the Department of Education. She also has spoken out against efforts to restrict classroom content related to race.
Democrats have lauded her running mate, Minnesota Gov. Tim Walz, for an executive order he signed protecting the rights of LGBTQ people to receive gender-affirming health care in his state. Republicans, including Trump, have lambasted him for it.
During a campaign stop earlier Friday in Johnstown in the battleground state of Pennsylvania, Trump offered extensive criticism of the media for what he called unfavorable coverage and singled out CNN for its interview with Harris and Walz on Thursday.
Moments later, a man rushed the media area and made it over a bike rack barrier and close to a riser where television reporters were watching the rally. Private security pushed him back, and the man was eventually subdued by law enforcement using a Taser.
Trump at first said of the man, “he’s on our side,” but it’s not clear what his intent was. As police led the man away, the former president declared, “Is there anywhere that’s more fun to be than a Trump rally?”
Johnstown was once a steel-producing hub but has seen its factories close over the decades. In his speech, Trump vowed to restore American manufacturing by imposing steep tariffs on goods from China and other foreign countries. He also used energy-rich Pennsylvania as a backdrop to deride Harris for once suggesting she’d be willing to ban hydraulic fracturing — a position her campaign says she no longer supports.
The former president said he was “exposing how bad it’s going to be in Pennsylvania and our country if we stop doing the fossil fuel thing.”