Much of the global climate agenda in 2025 is focused on November’s COP30 summit, which has the potential to be the most important climate event since the Paris summit in 2015. However, before then, a series of stepping-stone events are being held, including Monday’s Heat Action Day.

Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan have many challenges, not least as some of the most vulnerable climate change nations in the region. However, rarely a month goes by in which world powers do not double down on their diplomatic wooing of them.

In 2022, the UK was widely ridiculed internationally for having three prime ministers in a single year. Yet, France went one better in 2024 with a remarkable four premiers in office within 12 months.

US President Donald Trump had pledged previously to find a solution to the Ukraine war within 24 hours of assuming office. Yet, more than 100 days into his second term, the conflict continues, with no end in sight and key players in Europe now planning for a potentially “long game” ahead.

Reform UK party leader Nigel Farage’s biggest success so far in UK politics came in 2016 when he helped lead the “Leave” campaign to victory in the Brexit referendum on whether or not the UK should remain in the EU.

One of the biggest claims made by some key Brexiteers in the 2016 referendum campaign was that the UK would become a global buccaneer if it left the EU. However, multiple, subsequent UK governments were criticized for their lack of international engagement.

The origin of the phrase “necessity is the mother of invention” is often attributed to the works of the ancient Greek philosopher Plato. However, it has assumed a much more modern relevance in 2025 for Germany.

The action-packed first 100 days of Ursula von der Leyen’s second five-year term as president of the European Commission suggests that the remainder of it could be one for the history books.