Russia has consistently played a significant role in Turkiye’s normalization efforts with both Armenia and Syria. Armenia is often viewed by Russia as part of its sphere of influence, while Syria holds considerable geopolitical importance for Moscow’s ambitions in the Middle East.

From the beginning, the conflict in Syria has been significantly shaped by external actors, particularly the US, Russia, Turkiye, Iran, and the Gulf states.

As the global population ages, Turkiye, once proud of its people’s youth, is also facing a significant aging population issue that is gradually undermining its economy.